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For those who did not buy the conspiracy charge, the heresy was sufficient damnation. Asian policy but also a heretic for advocating diplomatic recognition of the People's Republic of China. Lattimore was not only the alleged mastermind of U.S. McCarthy downgraded Lattimore to merely 'the architect of our Far Eastern policy,' which still made him responsible for the loss of China. Lattimore at that time was persona non grata in the Soviet Union, and this canard would not fly, even in the cold war atmosphere of the times. McCarthy charged him with being the 'top Soviet spy, the boss of the whole ring of which Hiss was a part' in the United States. Lattimore, a Johns Hopkins University professor specializing in China and Asia, became a headline figure when Senator Joseph R. Lattimore did not live quite long enough to savor the irony.

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Nixon could do so because he could not be outflanked on the right.ДЇour decades after the midcentury attack on Democratic treason, another Republican president, George Bush, came full circle, defending continued friendship with a repressive Maoist government in Peking against almost universal outrage over the slaughter in Tiananmen Square. Two decades after the attack on Truman, Acheson, and Lattimore, a Republican who had been part of the attack, Richard Nixon, reversed course and began negotiations with the People's Republic of China. Lattimore was alleged to be the shadowy Communist mastermind behind American policy in Asia.

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Lattimore was dead center in the gunsights of the politicians, journalists, Chinese Nationalist operatives, American Legionnaires, professional anti-Communists, internal security alarmists, and religious leaders who made up the China lobby. But a prominent China scholar who had never been in the State Department at all caught most of the blame when the American inquisition escalated in 1950: Owen Secretary of State Dean Acheson, General George Marshall, Ambassador Philip Jessup, and a handful of China specialists in the foreign service also came under attack. He was not the only person to suffer from the loss of China. Harry Truman caught much of the blame, and the damage to his popularity because of these disasters in Asia seared the consciousness of American politicians for a generation. The search for a scapegoat expanded: whoever had lost China had also lost Korea. Eighth Army in December 1950, American fear and outrage became uncontrollable. MacArthur's successful early prosecution of the Korean War lessened the scapegoating over China, but when the Chinese armies joined the North Koreans and smashed the U.S. South Korea was an American protectorate in the same sense that China had been. The 'Who Lost China?' debate intensified in 1950, when Kim Il-sung attacked the South Korean government under Syngman Rhee. Department of State to recognize Mao's People's Republic and sell the remnant Nationalists on Taiwan down the river. After Mao won the war in 1949, the same Communist mastermind tried to influence the U.S. We had 'lost' China because some Communist mastermind in the American government had deliberately sabotaged the efforts of Chiang Kai-shek (a Methodist) to defeat Mao Tse-tung in the Chinese civil war. Its adherence to the 'World Communist Conspiracy,' many thought, must have been coerced both by Soviet manipulation and by the treasonous actions of American diplomats and politicians. Americans could not believe that China had made this choice freely. One of the bitterest debates in American history took place at midcentury, when the Republic of China, our friend and ally in World War II and the object of our most vigorous Protestant missionary enterprise, went over to 'the enemy': atheistic communism. Owen Lattimore and the 'Loss' of China.В Berkeley: University of California Press, c1992 1992.